Depression, often confused as an emotional state of sadness, is in reality a spectrum of mental health disorders. Its symptoms vary widely, from mild and temporary episodes of low mood to debilitating, chronic conditions. Understanding the different types of depression is important for diagnosis, and finding effective treatment, and support.
In this article, we will explore the various types of depression disorders and the treatments available.
1. Major depressive disorder (MDD)
Major depressive disorder, commonly known as clinical depression, is perhaps the most recognised type of depression. It is characterised by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. MDD for short, can significantly impair daily functioning and often requires professional intervention for management.
The impact of MDD extends beyond just the person, affecting relationships, work or academic life, and overall quality of life. Treatment options typically include a combination of therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes aimed at reducing symptoms and improving coping skills. Early detection and intervention are important in effectively managing MDD and reducing its long-term impact on mental health.
2. Persistent depressive disorder (PDD)
Formerly referred to as dysthymia, persistent depressive disorder is a chronic form of depression lasting for two years or longer. people with PDD experience milder but persistent symptoms similar to those of MDD, which can fluctuate in intensity over time.
Unlike major depressive disorder, which involves discrete episodes of severe depression along with periods of normal mood, PDD involves symptoms that persist for most of the day, more days than not, for at least two years in adults or one year in children or adolescents
3. Bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, involves alternating episodes of depression and mania or hypomania. During depressive episodes, people experience symptoms akin to those of MDD, while manic or hypomanic episodes entail elevated mood, increased energy, and impulsive behaviour.
The exact cause of bipolar disorder is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors
4. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Seasonal affective disorder is a subtype of depression that follows a seasonal pattern, typically occurring during the fall and winter months when daylight hours are shorter. Symptoms include fatigue, irritability, and changes in appetite, often alleviated during sunnier seasons.
SAD is believed to be related to changes in light exposure which can disrupt the body’s internal clock (circadian rhythm) and serotonin and melatonin levels. These are neurotransmitters that regulate mood and sleep patterns.
5. Postpartum depression (PPD)
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a type of mood disorder that affects some women after childbirth. It is characterised by feelings of sadness, anxiety, and despair that can interfere with a woman’s ability to care for herself and her newborn.
It’s important to note that many women experience what’s often called the “baby blues” after childbirth, which involves mood swings, crying spells, and anxiety in the days or weeks following delivery. While the baby blues are common and typically resolve on their own within a few weeks, postpartum depression is more severe and persistent.
6. Psychotic depression
Psychotic depression is a type of major depressive disorder characterised by the presence of psychotic symptoms alongside typical symptoms of depression. These psychotic symptoms may include delusions and hallucinations.
In psychotic depression, people experience severe depressive symptoms such as profound sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities, along with psychotic features that can significantly impair their ability to function.
7. Atypical depression
Atypical depression is marked by mood reactivity, meaning people experience temporary improvements in mood in response to positive events. Other symptoms may include increased appetite, excessive sleep, and a heavy limb sensation.
Despite the name, “atypical” depression is quite common. It tends to manifest earlier in life, often in the teenage years and affects women more frequently than men.
Common treatments for depression
Treatment of depression often involves an approach that is tailored to the person’s needs. The following treatments are commonly used in the management of depressive disorders:
Counselling for depression: Counselling, or talk therapy, is commonly used to treat various types of depression, Integrative counselling, cognitive-behavioural therapy and psychodynamic therapy can all help people identify and change their thought patterns, develop coping skills, and address underlying emotional issues.
Medication: Antidepressant medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), are prescribed to alleviate depressive symptoms. Psychiatrists or doctors may also prescribe mood stabilisers or antipsychotic medications for certain types of depression
Lifestyle changes: Healthy lifestyle habits, including regular exercise, balanced nutrition, adequate sleep, and stress management techniques, can help alleviate depressive symptoms and improve overall well-being. Engaging in enjoyable activities and maintaining social connections are also beneficial.
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